Back التدخل العسكري الروسي في الحرب الأهلية السورية Arabic Rusiyanın Suriyaya hərbi müdaxiləsi Azerbaijani Ваенная аперацыя Расіі ў Сірыі Byelorussian Руска военна интервенция в Сирия Bulgarian Ruská vojenská intervence v Sýrii Czech Russisk intervention i Syrien 2015 Danish Russischer Militäreinsatz in Syrien German Στρατιωτική συμμετοχή της Ρωσίας στον εμφύλιο πόλεμο της Συρίας Greek Intervención rusa en Siria (2015-presente) Spanish مداخله روسیه در جنگ داخلی سوریه Persian

Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war

Main article: Syrian civil war

Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war
Part of the foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war,
and the war against the Islamic State


Top: Various military operations carried out via sea, air and land in Syria
Middle: Territorial map of the Syrian civil war in September 2015
Bottom: Current territorial map of the Syrian civil war

     Syrian Government Army      Syrian National Army & others      Syrian Democratic Forces      Tahrir al-Sham      Islamic State
(For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see here.)
Date30 September 2015 – present
(8 years, 6 months and 4 weeks)
Location
Syria
Result

Ongoing

Belligerents

 Russia
 Iran
 Syria
Humanitarian support:

In support of:

 Russia
In support of:

Al-Qaeda

Islamic State Islamic State

Army of Conquest (2015–2017)[9]
Supported by:

Tahrir al-Sham (2017–present)
Supported by:

 Syrian opposition

Syrian Democratic Forces (2017–2019)[24]
Commanders and leaders

Russia Vladimir Putin
Russia Sergey Shoygu
Russia Valery Gerasimov
Russia Viktor Bondarev
Russia Sergey Rudskoy
(Chief of Gen Staff. Ops. Dept.)

Russia Aleksandr Dvornikov[41]
(September 2015 – June 2016)
Russia Alexander Zhuravlyov[42]
(July–December 2016)
Russia Andrey Kartapolov[43]
(December 2016 – March 2017)
Russia Sergey Surovikin
(March–December 2017)[44]
Russia Alexander Zhuravlyov[45]
(December 2017 – September 2018)
Russia Sergey Kuralenko
[46]September–October 2018
Russia Aleksandr Lapin[47]
(October 2018 – January 2019)
Russia Sergey Surovikin[48]
(January–April 2019)
Russia Andrey Serdyukov[48](April–September 2019)
Russia Aleksandr Chaiko[49][50]
(September 2019 – November 2020)
Russia Sergey Kuzovlev[51]
(November 2020 – February 2021)
Russia Aleksandr Chaiko[52]
February–June 2021
Russia Yevgeny Nikiforov
(June–October 2021)
Russia Roman Berdnikov
(October 2021-September 2022)
Russia Andrey Serdyukov
(September 2022-November 2023)
Russia Sergey Kissel
(since November 2023)
RussiaValery Asapov †
Russia Vyacheslav Gladich †[53]

Field commanders of Al-Qaeda:
Abu Abdollah Jabal † (al-Nusra Front senior commander in Aleppo)[54][unreliable source?]
Abu Muhammad al-Shimali † (Senior leader)[55] Abu Hajer al-Homsi † (al-Nusra Front top military commander)[56]
Ahmad al-Ghizai † (al-Nusra Front security service chief)
Khalid al-Aruri † (Guardians of Religion)[57][58]
Abu Humam al-Shami (Guardians of Religion)[59][self-published source?]
Sami al-Oraydi (Guardians of Religion)[60]
Saif al-Adel (Guardians of Religion)[61]
Abu 'Abd al-Karim al-Masri (Guardians of Religion)[62]
Sari Shihab  †(Guardians of Religion)
Abu Adnan al-Homsi  †(former logistics and equipment commander, Guardians of Religion)[63]

Islamic State Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi † (Leader until 3 February 2022)
Islamic State Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi † (Leader until 27 October 2019)
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani † (Spokesperson)
Abu Suleiman al-Naser † (Replacement Military Chief)[64]
Abu Omar al-Shishani † (Senior commander in Syria)[65][66]
Gulmurod Khalimov † (Minister of war in Syria)[55]

Abu Musab al-Masri † (Minister of war in Syria)[67]

Syrian opposition Basil Zamo † (1st Coastal Division chief of staff)[68]
Syrian opposition Abu Yahia al-Hamawi[69] (Leader of Ahrar al-Sham)
Syrian opposition Nimr Al-Shukri † (Top military commander of Ahrar al-Sham)[70]
Zahran Alloush † (emir of Jaysh al-Islam)
Abu Rida al-Turkistani † (Leader of TIP)[71]

Abu Mohammad al-Julani (Emir of Tahrir al-Sham)
Abdullah al-Muhaysini (Top sharia judge of the Army of Conquest and later a senior member of Tahrir al-Sham)
Abu Jaber (Second Emir of Ahrar al-Sham, First Emir and current Shura head of Tahrir al-Sham)
Salahuddin Shishani † (Former al-Nusra Front commander and current Tahrir al-Sham top military commander)[72]
Abu Salman al-Belarusi (Abu Rofiq) † (Leader of Malhama Tactical)[73]
Abu Ubeidah al-Kansafra † (Top military commander of Tahrir al-Sham)[74][unreliable source?]

12 unknown military commanders †[75]
Units involved

Russian Armed Forces:

Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran:

Armed Forces of Armenia:

  • al-Nusra Front (2015–17)[80]
  • Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria[81]
  • Guardians of Religion
    • Military of IS

    Free Syrian Army

    Army of Conquest (2015–17)
    Tahrir al-Sham (2017–present)

    Jund al-Aqsa (2015–17)[86]
    Ajnad al-Sham (2015–17)[87]
    Sham Legion

    Malhama Tactical
    (since 2017)
    Strength

    Troop strength
    20,000 personnel[a]

    Naval ships
    2 Vishnya-class intelligence ship
    4 Improved Kilo-class submarines[91][92]
    1 Slava-class cruiser[93]
    Kuznetsov aircraft carrier battlegroup
    1 Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier
    1 Kirov-class battlecruiser
    2 Udaloy-class destroyers
    support vessels
    [94]
    Strategic bombers
    14 Tu-22M3[95]
    6 Tu-95MSM[95]
    5 Tu-160[95]
    Tactical bombers
    12 Su-24M2
    8 Su-34[96]
    Attack bombers
    4 Su-25SM[97]
    Fighter aircraft
    4 Su-27SM[98]
    4 Su-30SM[99]
    4 Su-35S[100]
    4 MiG-29SMT[101][102]
    4 Su-57[103][104]
    Reconnaissance aircraft
    A-50U[105][106]
    Il-20M1
    Tu-214R[107][108]
    Attack helicopter
    12 Mi-24P/35M[109]
    6 Mi-28N[110]
    4 Ka-52[110]
    Utility helicopter
    4 Mi-8AMTSh
    UAV
    Orlan-10
    Forpost[111]
    Ground arms and equipment
    UGV
    Uran-6[112]
    IMV
    Iveco Rys'[113]
    SRBM (presumed)
    2 9K720 Iskander (SS-26) missile launchers[114][115]
    SAM

    3 SA-22,[116] other anti-aircraft and anti-missile weapons,[117] including S-400,[118] S-300VM,[119] and Vityaz (S-350E) (unconfirmed officially)[120]

    Islamic State:
    30,000–100,000 fighters (per the CIA and the Iraqi Kurdistan Chief of Staff)[121]

    Small numbers of tanks and assorted armored vehicles[122][123]

    Free Syrian Army:
    Between 45,000 and 60,000 fighters (disputed)[124]
    Islamic Front: (2015 only)
    40,000[125]–70,000[126]

    Tahrir al-Sham:
    ca. 31,000[127]
    Ahrar al-Sham:

    10,000–21,000[128][129][130][131]
    Casualties and losses

    Russia 117 servicemen killed (officially per Russia's MoD)[132]
    2 Su-24 lost[133][134]
    1 Su-25 lost[135]
    1 MiG-29K lost[136]
    1 Su-30SM lost[137]
    1 Su-33 lost[138]
    1 An-26 lost[139]
    1 Ilyushin Il-20 lost[140]
    2 Mi-8AMTsh lost[141][142]
    1 Mi-28N lost[143]
    2 Mi-35 lost[144][145]
    1 Ka-52 lost[146]

    For probable Russian PMCs killed see here
    		 6,214 killed (according to SOHR)[147]
    85,000 killed (Unidentified faction. Listed as 'terrorists' according to Russia's MoD)[132]    		 6,259 killed (according to SOHR)[148]
    Turkey 39 soldiers killed[149][150][151][152]
    4,326–6,416 civilians killed (according to Airwars)[153]
    8,723 civilians killed (according to SOHR)[154]

    On 30 September 2015, Russia launched a military intervention in Syria after a request by the government of Bashar al-Assad for military support in its fight against the Syrian opposition and Islamic State (IS) in the Syrian civil war.[155][156] The intervention was kick-started by extensive air strikes across Syria, focused on attacking opposition strongholds of the Free Syrian Army along with the rebel coalition of the Revolutionary Command Council and Sunni militant groups under the Army of Conquest coalition. In line with Syrian government propaganda which denounces all armed resistance to its rule as "terrorism"; Syrian military chief Ali Abdullah Ayoub depicted Russian airstrikes as facilitating their campaign against terrorism.[157][158][159] Russian special operations forces, military advisors and private military contractors like the Wagner Group were also sent to Syria to support the Assad regime, which was on the verge of collapse.[160][161] Prior to the intervention, Russian involvement had been heavily invested in providing Assad with diplomatic cover and propping up the Syrian Armed Forces with billions of dollars of arms and equipment.[162] In December 2017, the Russian government announced that its troops would be deployed to Syria permanently.[163]

    At the onset of the intervention, the Syrian government controlled just around 26% of Syrian territories.[164] Although Russia initially portrayed its intervention as a "war against terrorism" solely focused on targeting the Islamic State,[156][165] Russia's scorched-earth strategy has been focused on razing civilian areas and Syrian opposition strongholds opposed to IS and Al-Qaeda.[b][166] Weeks after the start of the operations, Russian officials disclosed Vladimir Putin's chief objective of maintaining the allied Ba'athist government in Damascus and capture territories from American-backed Free Syrian militias, with a broader geo-political objective of rolling back U.S. influence.[167] In a televised interview in October 2015, Russian president Vladimir Putin said that the military operation had been thoroughly prepared in advance. He defined Russia's goal in Syria as "stabilising the legitimate power in Syria and creating the conditions for political compromise".[168] In 2016 alone, more than 80% of Russian aerial attacks targeted opposition militias fighting the Islamic State.[165] Despite Russia's extensive air support that focused on bombing opposition strongholds, Assad regime's actual control of territories reduced from 26% in 2015 to 17% in early 2017, the lowest ever.[164]

    In early January 2017, Chief of General Staff of Russian Armed Forces Valery Gerasimov said that the Russian Air Force (RuAF) had carried out 19,160 combat missions and delivered 71,000 strikes on "the infrastructure of terrorists".[169] The intervention only began producing concrete gains for the Assad government from 2017; after the recapture of Aleppo in December 2016. These included the recaptures of Palmyra and Deir ez-Zor from the Islamic State in 2017, fall of Daraa and collapse of the Southern Front during the 2018 Southern Syria offensive; followed by the complete seizure of M5 Motorway during the North-Western Syria offensive.[170][171][172] For Russia, the intervention has swelled its position in the great-power competition with the United States, guaranteed access to the Eastern Mediterranean, and bolstered its capacity to conduct military operations across the wider region, such as the Red Sea and Libya.[161]

    The Syrian Network for Human Rights (SNHR) and Violations Documentation Centre (VDC) stated that from its inception in September 2015 until the end of February 2016, Russian air strikes killed at least 2,000 civilians. SNHR report stated that civilian deaths from the Russian offensive had exceeded those caused by the Islamic State and the Syrian Army since Russian operations began.[173][174] The UK-based pro-opposition[175][176] Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) issued a slightly lower estimate: at least 1,700 civilians, including more than 200 children.[173] Weapons used included unguided bombs, cluster bombs, incendiaries similar to white phosphorus and thermobaric weapons.[177][178][179] By the end of April 2018, the SOHR documented that Russian bombings directly killed more than 7,700 civilians, about a quarter of them children, apart from 4,749 opposition fighters and 4,893 IS fighters.[180] The Russian campaign has been criticised by numerous international bodies for indiscriminate aerial bombings across Syria that target schools and civilian infrastructures and carpet bombing of cities like Aleppo. The findings of BMJ Global Health and a UN investigation report published in 2020 revealed that the RuAF also "weaponized health-care" through its hospital bombardment campaigns; by pursuing a deliberate policy of bombing ambulances, clinical facilities, hospitals and all medical infrastructure.[c]

    The intervention polarized governments along predictable lines. Countries with close ties to Russia either voiced support or stayed neutral, while reactions by governments close to the US were critical. Western governments and other US allies strongly denounced Russia for its role in the war and its complicity with the Syrian regime's war crimes. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International stated that Russia is committing war crimes and deliberately targeting civilians.[181][182] The United States government condemned the intervention and imposed economic sanctions against Russia for supporting the Syrian government.[183] Officials at the United Nations condemned the Russian intervention and stated that Russia was committing war crimes.[184] Russian authorities dismissed this denunciation, including accusations of "barbarism", labeling them as false and politically motivated,[185] thereby eliciting further condemnation from governments that support the rebel groups.[184]

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